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Formulation of Hooke's Law, establishing the linear relationship between stress and strain
1678
First understanding of the strength of materials and causes of structural failure by Galileo Galilei

1678
1744
Development of beam theory and buckling analysis; mathematical prediction of structural failure

1938
Introduction of electrical resistance strain gauges, enabling direct measurement of structural deformation
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1963
Emergence of systematic approaches to monitoring structural condition
1978
Introduction of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors offering high sensitivity detection
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Acoustic Emission (AE) techniques were developed for detecting stress waves generated by damage mechanisms such as crack growth



Deployment of networked sensing systems combining multiple variables (strain, vibration, acoustic) for structural assessment.
1996
2004

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